## Tables for the Regular Polyhedra

Saturday, 23 July 2016

For quite some time now, I have been looking in books and online for a set of tables with formulae for conversion between various measures of the platonic solids (the regular polyhedra). None quite fitted my requirements, and so I created my own.

My requirements included:

• The formulae should all be of a similar form.
• Where there is a change of dimension, formulae should be given both in terms of the source and the target dimensons.
• No formula should have a surd (root) in the denominator.
• The terms in a surd should have reduced factors. (So, in particular, any integer under a square root should be square-free.)

## Tools for Writing Mathematical Blog Posts

Wednesday, 9 March 2016

My previous post was written with the help of a few very useful tools:

• LaTeX mathematical typesetting
• Gummi LaTeX editor
• Python programming language
• PyX Python / LaTeX graphics package
• my own PyPyX wrapper around PyX
• LaTeX2WP script for easy conversion from LaTeX to WordPress HTML

## The Partition Sum of Powers Theorem

Tuesday, 8 March 2016

The set of numbers ${S = \{ 0, 1, 2, \dots, 2^{n+1}-1 \}}$ can be partitioned into two subsets of the same size, such that the two sets have equal sums, sums of squares, sums of cubes, …, up to sums of ${n}$th powers.

For example, for ${n=2}$:

$\displaystyle S = \{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 \}$

can be partitioned as

$\displaystyle A = \{ 0, 3, 5, 6 \}, B = \{ 1, 2, 4, 7 \}$

so that

$\displaystyle |A| = |B| = 4$

$\displaystyle 0 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 = 14$

and, lastly,

$\displaystyle 0^2 + 3^2 + 5^2 + 6^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 + 4^2 + 7^2 = 70$

Amazingly, this can be done for any non-negative integer ${n}$.

## QiX

Tuesday, 24 November 2015

This is a link to a historical project of mine, hosted on Albert Gräf’s project page.

QiX is a library for Albert Gräf’s Q programming language adding support for univariate polynomials.

There is full documentation available.

## Q+Q

Tuesday, 24 November 2015

This is a link to a historical project of mine, hosted on Albert Gräf’s project page.

Q+Q is a library for Albert Gräf’s Q programming language adding support for the rational numbers, ℚ.

There is full documentation available.

## Generating Approximate Pythagorean Angles (ADDENDUM) – Simplified Method

Tuesday, 20 October 2015

In a recent post I described a method of generating the simplest primitive Pythagorean triple (a,b,c) where one of the angles of the triangle with sides a, b and c is θ° to within some (small) error bound Δθ°.

One of the steps was, given the cosine C of the angle [from step (2)]:

(3) Calculate the Farey ratio approximant …

$R = \sqrt{\dfrac{1-C}{1+C}}$

Now, that function

$f(C) = \sqrt{\dfrac{1-C}{1+C}}$

seemed semi-familiar, resembling functions that occur in trigonometric or hyperbolic identities.
An example is:

$\cos( \tan^{-1}(t)) = \sqrt{\dfrac{1}{t^2 + 1}}$

A little further investigation, and reading around, including the Wikipedia articles on trigonometric identities, and in particular on those of the tangent half-angle, revealed that the Farey ratio approximant does in fact correspond directly to a simple trigonometric function of the angle:

$\tan \left( \dfrac{\theta}{2} \right) = \dfrac{1 - \cos \theta}{\sin \theta} = \dfrac{1 - \cos \theta}{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2 \theta}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos \theta)^2}}{\sqrt{(1 - \cos \theta)(1 + \cos \theta)}} = \sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos \theta}{1 + \cos \theta}}$

The slightly simplified method follows.

## Generating Approximate Pythagorean Angles (IV) – Derivation and Proof of The Method

Saturday, 10 October 2015

In the previous post is a table of values.

Suppose you wish to find the simplest primitive Pythagorean triangle (a,b,c) where one of the angles is θ° to within some (small) error bound Δθ°.

Here’s the derivation of the method which was given in an earlier post.

## Generating Approximate Pythagorean Angles (III) – A Table for (1/100)°

Saturday, 10 October 2015

The previous post provides a worked example of the method.
The next post provides a derivation and proof of the method.

### Short Table

 θ° ± 0.01° a b c θ° ±%ε 5° 33425 2928 33553 5.006° 62.8% 10° 6351 1120 6449 10.001° 12.9% 15° 1419 380 1469 14.992° −82.8% 20° 66005 24012 70237 19.991° −90.9% 25° 16272 7585 17953 24.992° −79.8% 30° 2911 1680 3361 29.990° −98.4% 35° 7623 5336 9305 34.992° −84.8% 40° 20424 17143 26665 40.009° 86.1% 45° 4059 4060 5741 45.007° 70.6%

A longer table follows

## Generating Approximate Pythagorean Angles (II) – A Worked Example

Saturday, 10 October 2015

The previous post describes the method.
In the next post is a table of values.

As an example, let

θ = 24°
Δθ = 0.001°

## Generating Approximate Pythagorean Angles (I) – The Method

Saturday, 10 October 2015

The next post provides a worked example of the method.

ADDENDUM [20-10-2015]: A slight simplification of the method below is described in an addendum post.

Suppose you wish to find the simplest primitive Pythagorean triple (a,b,c) where one of the angles of the triangle with sides a, b and c is θ° to within some (small) error bound Δθ°.

A Pythagorean triple (a,b,c) is such that:

a,b,c ∈ ℕ₀ (i.e. are natural numbers ≥ 0), and
a² + b² = c²

A primitive Pythagorean triple (a,b,c) is one such that also

a ⊥ b  (i.e. a and b are coprime, i.e. have no common factors),
a ⊥ c, and
b ⊥ c

that is, a, b and c are pairwise coprime.

The method follows.